{"product_id":"htl201","title":"HTL201","description":"\u003ch2 id=\"product-oneliner\"\u003eSelf-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) Molecule for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eHole transport layer for \u003cem\u003ep-i-n\u003c\/em\u003e perovskite solar cells, hole selection layer (HSL), HTL201,\u003cspan\u003e (3-((9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)oxy)propyl)phosphonic acid, CAS No. 3048172-00-2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#overview\"\u003eOverview\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#specifications\"\u003eProduct Information\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#msds\"\u003eMSDS\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#literature\"\u003eLiterature\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#related-products\"\u003eRelated Products\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#technical-support\"\u003eTechnical Support\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHTL210, (3-((9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)oxy)propyl)phosphonic acid, is a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/pages\/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs\" title=\"self-assembled monolayer\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eself-assembled monolayer material\u003c\/a\u003e designed for high-efficiency inverted perovskite or perovskite\/silicon tandem solar cells. HTL210 features an asymmetric molecular structure with an ethylated carbazole terminal, a flexible alkyloxy linker, and a phosphonic acid anchor. With an electron donating carbazole terminal, HTL210 serves as hole selective layer in between the substrate and the perovskite active layer. The novel alkyloxy linker of HTL201 yields minimized steric hindrance and improved coverage on the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) recombination layer, while comparing with other self-assembled monolayers with typically a nitrogen-bonded phosphonic acid group, such as \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"me-4pacz\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/products\/me-4pacz\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMe-4PACz\u003c\/a\u003e or \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"meo-4pacz\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/products\/meo-4pacz\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMeO-4PACz\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith a dipole moment (μ) of 3.48 \u003cem\u003eD\u003c\/em\u003e, HTL210 shows better coordination interaction with the perovskite film to effectively reduce non-radiative recombination at the buried interface for better charge extraction efficiency. Moreover, the perfect energy-level alignment between HTL201 and the perovskite warrants an impressive voltage of nearly 2 V for perovskite\/silicon tandem solar cells, giving  a certified power conversion efficiency of up to 34.58% based on a silicon heterojunction solar cell, with \u003cem\u003eJ\u003csub\u003eSC\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e of 20.80 mA, and \u003cem\u003eFF\u003c\/em\u003e of 83.63% for a 1.004 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e device.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eServing as hole selective contact for organic solar cells and perovskite solar cells, HTL201 is an alternative to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/pedot\" title=\"pedot:pss\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePEDOT:PSS\u003c\/a\u003e with superior performance and the convenience of solution deposition at low concentration, i.e. 1 mM.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"specifications\"\u003eGeneral Information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3048172-00-2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eChemical Formula\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c\/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eP\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e333.32 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eAbsorption*\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eλ\u003csub\u003emax\u003c\/sub\u003e (n.a.)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eFluorescence\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eλ\u003csub\u003eem\u003c\/sub\u003e (n.a.)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eHOMO\/LUMO\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHOMO = -5.11 eV\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (3-((9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)oxy)propyl)phosphonic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eClassification or Family\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eCarbazole \u003c\/span\u003ederivatives, Self-assembly monolayers, Hole transport layer, Hole selection layer,\u003cem\u003e p-i-n\u003c\/em\u003e Perovskite solar cells, Tandem solar cells\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eProduct Details\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e ≥98%\u003c\/span\u003e (HPLC)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eMelting Point\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT\u003csub class=\"style-scope patent-text\"\u003ed\u003c\/sub\u003e \u0026gt; 250 °C\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOff-white to white powder\/crystals\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"panel panel-default\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"panel-body\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSolution Processing Procedure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTypical processing solvents:\u003c\/em\u003e Methanol, ethanol. IPA, DMF\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eTypical suggested concentration: \u003c\/em\u003e1.0 mg\/ml or 1.0 mM\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eTypical processing procedure: HTL201\u003c\/em\u003e is dissolved in ethanol at a concentration of 0.5 mg\/ml. The solution is then spin-coated onto a clean and ultraviolet-treated ITO or FTO substrate surface for 30 seconds at 3,000 rpm, followed by annealing for 5 min at 100 ℃. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eChemical Structure\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cfigure\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0823\/0287\/files\/htl201-3048172-00-2-chemical-structure-body.png\" title=\"htl201, 3048172-00-2 chemical structure\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0823\/0287\/files\/htl201-3048172-00-2-chemical-structure-body_320x240.png?v=1776935547\" alt=\"3048172-00-2, htl201\" style=\"margin-bottom: 16px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eHTL201, (3-((9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)oxy)propyl)phosphonic acid chemical structure\u003c\/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c\/figure\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"msds\"\u003eMSDS Documentation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/downloads.ossila.com\/msds\/htl201.pdf\" title=\"3048172-00-2, htl201 MSDS Sheet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"3048172-00-2, htl201 MSDS Sheet\" class=\"msds-icon\" height=\"39\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/product-downloads-msds.svg\" width=\"30\"\u003eHTL201 MSDS Sheet\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"literature\"\u003eLiterature and Reviews\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Jia et al. (2025), \u003cem\u003eEfficient perovskite\/silicon tandem with asymmetric self-assembly molecule, \u003c\/em\u003eNature, 644, 912–919; D\u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"htl201\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09333-z\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOI: 10.1038\/s41586-025-09333-z\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Ullah et al. (2026), \u003cem\u003eSelf-Assembled Monolayers in p–i–n Perovskite Solar Cells: Molecular Design, Interfacial Engineering, and Machine Learning–Accelerated Material Discovery,\u003c\/em\u003e Adv. Mater., e20220; \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"3048172-00-2\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202520220\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/adma.202520220\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLicensed by Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"related-products\"\u003eRelated Products\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[[collection handle=\"self-assembled-monolayers\" limit=\"5\"]]\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-tile\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/self-assembled-monolayers\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-button background-light-blue\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/self-assembled-monolayers-collection-design.png?width=150\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"109\" alt=\"Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-Assembled\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonolayers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-tile\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/perovskite-materials\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-button background-ossila-blue\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/collection-link-Perovskite-Materials.png?width=150\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"109\" alt=\"Perovskite Materials\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerovskite Materials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-tile\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/semiconducting-molecules\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"collection-button background-light-blue\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/collection-link-Semiconducting-Molecules.png?width=150\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"109\" alt=\"Semiconducting Molecules\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemiconducting\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecules\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Ossila","offers":[{"title":"250 mg","offer_id":51590288244952,"sku":"M2597A1-250mg","price":285.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 mg","offer_id":51590288277720,"sku":"M2597A1-500mg","price":465.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 g","offer_id":51590288310488,"sku":"M2597A1-1g","price":765.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0823\/0287\/files\/htl201-3048172-00-2-chemical-structure-title.png?v=1776860942","url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/products\/htl201","provider":"Ossila","version":"1.0","type":"link"}