{"title":"Porous Solid Electrolyte (PSE) Reactors","description":"\u003cp\u003ePSE reactors are electrochemical devices that eliminate the liquid catholyte layer entirely, enabling direct synthesis of high-purity, concentrated liquid chemicals such as formic acid or hydrogen peroxide, straight from gas-phase inputs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard GDE flow cells solve the mass-transport problem for gas-phase reactants, but the liquid product they generate still ends up diluted in a flowing catholyte stream, mixed with supporting electrolyte salts. Separating that product back out is often the most energy-intensive step in the whole process. PSE reactors solve this differently: a central porous solid electrolyte channel, typically made from a high-conductivity ion-exchange resin or polymer membrane, replaces the catholyte entirely. Ions generated at the cathode (H⁺ and HCOO⁻, for example) migrate into this central chamber and recombine there, forming a pure, concentrated liquid product that can be swept out using nothing more than deionised water or a gas carrier.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis also addresses a stability problem that limits long-run GDE flow cell operation: without a bulk liquid catholyte, there's no bulk phase for carbonate salts to precipitate into, so the flooding and salt-build up failures that limit continuous flow cell runs are largely avoided.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSE reactors sit at the top of the scale-up path from H-cells through GDE flow cells and MEA electrolyzers, the step to take once your priority shifts from studying a reaction to producing a clean, separation-free liquid product from it. If you're still at the catalyst-screening or method-development stage, our GDE Flow Cells or MEA Electrolysers are the better starting point.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"buy\"\u003eBuy Porous Solid Electrolyte (PSE) Reactors\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelated categories: \u003ca title=\"Spectroelectrochemical Cells\" href=\"\/collections\/spectroelectrochemical-cells\"\u003espectroelectrochemical cells\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca title=\"Equipment Accessories\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/equipment-accessories\"\u003eequipment accessories\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca title=\"Electrodes\" href=\"\/collections\/electrodes\"\u003eelectrodes\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca title=\"electrochemistry\" href=\"\/collections\/electrochemistry\"\u003eelectrochemistry\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca title=\"GDE Flow Cells\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/flow-cells\"\u003eGDE flow cells\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca title=\"MEA Electrolyzers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/collections\/mea-electrolyzer\"\u003eMEA electrolyzers\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[[split]]\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Features\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCentral Porous Solid Electrolyte Channel:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Replaces the liquid catholyte with a solid ion-exchange medium, removing the bulk liquid phase entirely. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZero Catholyte Dilution:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Generated ions migrate directly into a separate collection chamber rather than mixing into a flowing electrolyte.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect Pure-Product Collection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e: Product is recombined and collected using only deionised water or a carrier gas, with no downstream separation or distillation needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproved Long-Run Stability:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Managing pH internally, rather than through a bulk catholyte, reduces the carbonate salt build-up and flooding that limit extended GDE flow cell operation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdvanced Phase Separation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Keeps gas feed and pure liquid products cleanly segregated for optimized mass transport and maximum reaction efficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreamlined Scale-Up:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Offers the ideal testing architecture for transition from laboratory-scale catalyst screening to industrial-scale pilot deployment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePSE Reactor Features\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur premier Porous Solid Electrolyte reactor (C2053S1) is engineered for researchers and engineers looking to bypass the mass-transport limits of H-cells, the dilution penalties of standard flow cells, and the carbonate built-up in standard MEA architecture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 293.875px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 58.75px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 58.75px;\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 58.75px;\"\u003ePorous Solid Electrolyte Flow Cell (C2053S1)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.1875px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003eArchitecture\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003eThree-chamber, zero-gap, central solid electrolyte\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.1875px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003eChannel Gap\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003e1.5 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.5938px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 19.5938px;\"\u003eCatholyte stream\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 19.5938px;\"\u003eNone, replaced by central solid-electrolyte channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 97.9688px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 97.9688px;\"\u003eBest for\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 97.9688px;\"\u003eDirect liquid synthesis (formic acid, H₂O₂) without downstream purification\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.1875px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 37.1795%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003eWorth Knowing\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 62.3077%; height: 39.1875px;\"\u003eMore setup complexity than a single-channel flow cell; periodic membrane\/resin replacement required\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSE reactors are suited to liquid-product synthesis that flow cells and MEAs can't deliver at comparable purity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-Purity CO₂ Reduction (CO₂RR):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Direct conversion of CO₂ into concentrated, electrolyte-free formic acid, acetic acid, or alcohols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHydrogen Peroxide Electrosynthesis (ORR):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e Production of pure, localised H₂O₂ streams via the two-electron oxygen reduction pathway.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrochemical Separation \u0026amp; Recovery: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eCapturing and concentrating valuable ions from dilute waste streams without introducing extra chemical solutes.\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"technical-support\"\u003eTechnical Support\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[[contact]]\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor","title":"Porous Solid Electrolyte Reactor","description":"\u003ch2 id=\"product-oneliner\"\u003eThree Chamber Solid-State Electrolyzer System\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eReplace traditional liquid electrolytes with a solid, permeable membrane for chemical synthesis\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#specifications\"\u003eSpecifications\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#included\"\u003eIn the Box\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#gallery\"\u003eGallery\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#literature\"\u003eLiterature\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#related-products\"\u003eRelated Products\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"#technical-support\"\u003eTechnical Support\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA porous solid electrolyte (PSE) reactor is a cutting-edge electrochemical device that replaces traditional liquid electrolytes with a solid, permeable membrane to perform chemical synthesis at the interface. It is elaborately designed to produce high-purity chemicals, clean fuels, and drinkable water directly at the point of reaction with great efficiency. This system is specifically designed for the highly selective synthesis of formic acid (HCOOH) via carbon dioxide reduction (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eRR). This system effectively solves problems related to product separation, electrolyte cross-contamination, and system stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe three-chamber system holds the PSE chamber between the cathode and anode chambers, with an AEM and PEM separating the three chambers and supporting reactions in acidic or alkaline environments. Instead of pumping a liquid chemical solution past electrodes, reactants are directly fed through the porous solid electrolyte. The solid structure allows specific ions to pass through while keeping the products separated. It controls the boundary between gas, liquid, and solid phases, allowing gases to diffuse while isolating pure liquid products on the other side and removing the need for purification. The cathode chamber outlet is directly connected to a liquid product condensation and collection device, which can collect and quantify the generated formic acid aqueous solution in real time, facilitating offline analysis (such as HPLC, NMR) and yield calculation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy eliminating highly acidic or corrosive liquid electrolytes, the system is safer to operate and highly modular, making it easier to stack for industrial-scale production. Advanced PSE configurations allow for simultaneous seawater desalination and hydrogen generation, producing potable water alongside green hydrogen without membrane degradation from salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"row display-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-3 text-center margin-top\"\u003e\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/safe-enviroment-icon.svg\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"blue-heading no-margin text-center\"\u003eSafer and Scalable\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eEasier to stack for industrial-scale production\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-3 text-center margin-top\"\u003e\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/volume-level-icon.svg\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"blue-heading no-margin text-center\"\u003eSalt-Free Products\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eEliminates the need of costly \u0026amp; complex purification processes\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-3 text-center margin-top\"\u003e\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/large-tick-icon.svg\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"blue-heading no-margin text-center\"\u003eBuilt-in Desalination\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eAdvanced porous solid electrolyte configurations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-3 text-center margin-top\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/customer-support-icon.svg\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\" loading=\"lazy\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"blue-heading no-margin text-center\"\u003eExpert Support\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"text-center\"\u003eFrom in-house scientists \u0026amp; our\u003cbr\u003ecustomer care team\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"specifications\"\u003eSpecifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCathode and Anode Chamber Material\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTitanium -TA2 \u003cspan\u003e(with Serpent Flow Fields)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003ePSE Middle Channel Material\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePEEK\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003ePSE Middle Channel Thickness\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGDE Working Area\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS-shaped, 2 cm x 2 cm, 1 mm width and depth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eGaskets\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFKM and PTFE (52 mm x 52 mm, see thickness and window sizes below)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eFKM Gasket Thickness (25 mm x 25 mm centre)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003eFKM Gasket Thickness (20 mm x 20 mm centre)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0.2 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth width=\"38.2%\"\u003ePTFE Gasket Thickness (25 mm x 25 mm centre)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0.2 mm, 0.25 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cfigure\u003e\u003cimg width=\"848.328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-dimension-diagram.svg\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"565.406\" alt=\"Porous Solid Electrolyte Reactor Dimension Diagram\"\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003ePorous solid electrolyte reactor dimensions\u003c\/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c\/figure\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"included\"\u003eIn the Box\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"float-right\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-assembly.svg?v\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Porous Solid Electrolyte Reactor assembly diagram\"\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003ePorous solid electrolyte reactor assembly\u003c\/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c\/figure\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTitanium cathode\/anode chambers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePEEK chamber\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGaskets (PTFE \u0026amp; FKM)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePTFE tube\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTube cutter\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eContact collector leads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCopper tape\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePTFE gas stoppers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGas secure screws\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssorted O-rings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScrews \u0026amp; washers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGas locks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePTFE tape\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcrylic electrode leveler\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-bottom: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"gallery\"\u003eProduct Gallery\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"carousel-container carousel-gallery\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"carousel-track ease-in-out-transition\"\u003e\n\u003ca title=\"Porous Solid Electrolyte Reactor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-setup.jpg?Vwidth=1620\" class=\"carousel-item\"\u003e \u003cimg width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-setup.jpg?Vwidth=420\u0026amp;height=280\u0026amp;crop=center\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"280\" alt=\"Porous Solid Electrolyte Reactor\"\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca title=\"Geometry of PSE reactor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-layers.jpg?width=1620\" class=\"carousel-item\"\u003e \u003cimg width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-layers.jpg?width=420\u0026amp;height=280\u0026amp;crop=center\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"280\" alt=\"Geometry of PSE reactor\"\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca title=\"Solid-state GDE electrolyzer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/solid-state-gde-electrolyzer.jpg?Vwidth=1620\" class=\"carousel-item\"\u003e \u003cimg width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/solid-state-gde-electrolyzer.jpg?Vwidth=420\u0026amp;height=280\u0026amp;crop=center\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"280\" alt=\"Solid-state GDE electrolyzer\"\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca title=\"Chamber in PSE reactor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/solid-state-gde-electrolyzer-chamber.jpg?width=1620\" class=\"carousel-item\"\u003e \u003cimg width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/solid-state-gde-electrolyzer-chamber.jpg?width=420\u0026amp;height=280\u0026amp;crop=center\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"280\" alt=\"Chamber in PSE reactor\"\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca title=\"Three chamber system\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-inlets.jpg?Vwidth=1620\" class=\"carousel-item\"\u003e \u003cimg width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/porous-solid-electrolyte-reactor-inlets.jpg?Vwidth=420\u0026amp;height=280\u0026amp;crop=center\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"280\" alt=\"Three chamber system\"\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ca role=\"button\" class=\"carousel-left-control\"\u003e \u003csvg class=\"icon icon-chevron-left\"\u003e\u003cuse href=\"#icon-chevron-left\"\u003e\u003c\/use\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e \u003cspan class=\"sr-only\"\u003ePrevious\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca role=\"button\" class=\"carousel-right-control\"\u003e \u003csvg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\"\u003e\u003cuse href=\"#icon-chevron-right\"\u003e\u003c\/use\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e \u003cspan class=\"sr-only\"\u003eNext\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormic Acid Production: Converts waste carbon dioxide into valuable feedstocks like formic acid (HCOOH) or carbon monoxide (CO)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHydrogen Peroxide Production: Enables direct, on-site, and decentralized electrosynthesis, avoiding the traditional, emission-heavy anthraquinone process\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeawater Electrolysis: Produces clean drinking water and green hydrogen simultaneously, utilizing specialized bipolar membranes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"literature\"\u003eLiterature\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Jang et al. (2026), \u003cem\u003eAnion-Exchange-Membrane-Free Electrolyzers via Interfacial Microenvironment Engineering for Stable Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide,\u003c\/em\u003e J. Am. Chem. Soc., 148 (21), 22305–22312; \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"pse electrolyzer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.6c06070\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDOI: 10.1021\/jacs.6c06070\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Cherniack et al. (2025), \u003cem\u003eAn Interfacial Engineering Approach toward Operation of a Porous Solid Electrolyte CO2 Electrolyzer,\u003c\/em\u003e ACS Energy Lett., 10 (3), 1508–1516; \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"pse electrolyzer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsenergylett.5c00079\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDOI: 10.1021\/acsenergylett.5c00079\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Zhao et al. (2025), \u003cem\u003eOptimization and scaling-up of porous solid electrolyte electrochemical reactors for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis\u003c\/em\u003e, Nat. Commun., 16, 3212 (2025); \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"pse electrolyzer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-58385-2\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDOI: 10.1038\/s41467-025-58385-2\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"expandable\" id=\"literature-and-reviews\"\u003e\n\u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Li et al. (2024), \u003cem\u003eAn Emerging Solid-State Electrolyte Reactor to Drive the Future of Electrochemical Synthesis, \u003c\/em\u003eAdv. Energy Mater., 14 (48), 2403841; \u003ca rel=\"noopener\" title=\"pse electrolyzer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202403841\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/aenm.202403841\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF. Chen et al. (2024), \u003cem\u003eElectrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia with cation shuttling in a solid electrolyte reactor,\u003c\/em\u003e Nat. 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